If you’re looking for the best wet/dry shop vacuums in 2025, I recommend models that combine power, versatility, and durability. Heavy-duty options like the Craftsman 16-gallon, DEWALT 10-gallon, and Vacmaster 12-gallon stand out for their strong motors and large capacities. Compact models such as Armor All and WEN are great for quick jobs. Keep an eye on features like filters, accessories, and portability—continue on to discover which ones suit your needs best.
Key Takeaways
- Heavy-duty motors (4-5 Peak HP) ensure powerful suction for demanding wet and dry cleanup tasks.
- Large capacities (9-16 gallons) combined with versatile accessories accommodate extensive and varied cleaning needs.
- Features like HEPA filters, washable filters, and adjustable suction enhance air quality and operational control.
- Portable designs with long hoses, extended cords, and onboard storage improve usability across different environments.
- Many models offer blower functions, quick conversions, and quiet operation for added convenience and multi-purpose use.
CRAFTSMAN 16 Gallon Wet Dry Shop Vacuum (CMXEVBE17595)
If you’re looking for a heavy-duty wet/dry vacuum that can handle large-scale cleanup projects with ease, the CRAFTSMAN 16 Gallon Wet Dry Shop Vacuum (CMXEVBE17595) is an excellent choice. It features a powerful 6.5 Peak HP motor, making it ideal for demanding tasks like floods, renovations, and debris removal. Its sizable 16-gallon polypropylene tank offers ample capacity, and with a 1440-watt motor and 60-inch suction, it handles wet and dry messes effortlessly. The vacuum’s durable design includes convenient onboard storage, a built-in blower port, and versatile attachments, making it perfect for both indoor and outdoor use.
Best For: homeowners, DIYers, and professionals needing a powerful, large-capacity wet/dry vacuum for heavy-duty cleanup projects both indoors and outdoors.
Pros:
- Exceptional 6.5 Peak HP motor provides strong suction power for demanding tasks.
- Large 16-gallon polypropylene tank offers ample capacity for wet and dry messes.
- Versatile features including onboard storage, blower port, and compatible accessories enhance usability.
Cons:
- Bulky design may be challenging to store in small spaces.
- Tight attachment fittings can be difficult to connect but ensure secure fit.
- Some users report minor issues such as broken casters or missing screws upon delivery.
Vacmaster Professional Wet/Dry Vac, 5-Gallon, 5.5 Peak HP
The Vacmaster Professional Wet/Dry Vac with a 5-gallon tank and 5.5 Peak HP is an excellent choice for those who need powerful cleaning performance in a compact, portable design. Its Beast Series high-performance motor delivers 320 air watts of power, making quick work of messes. The vacuum features a high-efficiency cartridge filter and dust bag, capturing particles down to 1 micron for thorough cleaning. With 25 feet of reach, including a kink-resistant hose and cord, it’s versatile for various tasks. Plus, the onboard storage for accessories, large latches, and the ability to convert into a blower add to its practicality and convenience.
Best For: DIY enthusiasts, car detailers, and homeowners seeking a powerful, portable wet/dry vacuum for versatile cleaning tasks.
Pros:
- High-performance Beast Series motor with 320 air watts for quick and effective cleaning
- Includes a comprehensive set of accessories and 25-foot reach for versatile use
- Compact 5-gallon design with organized onboard storage and secure latches
Cons:
- Limited 5-gallon capacity may require frequent emptying for larger cleaning jobs
- Slightly heavier weight due to powerful motor and accessories, potentially affecting portability
- May be more expensive compared to basic wet/dry vacs with fewer features
CRAFTSMAN Wet Dry Shop Vacuum (CMXEVBE17250)
For those seeking a compact yet powerful wet/dry vacuum, the CRAFTSMAN CMXEVBE17250 stands out as an excellent choice, especially for tackling small messes in tight spaces. With its 2.5-gallon tank and 2.5 Peak HP motor, it offers strong suction without sacrificing portability. Its lightweight design, carry handle, and cord wrap make it easy to move and store. It’s versatile too, functioning as both a wet/dry vacuum and blower. The included 1-1/4 inch accessories, like the crevice tool and utility nozzle, help you clean in hard-to-reach areas. Perfect for home, garage, or vehicle cleanup, it’s a practical, space-saving option.
Best For: those seeking a compact, lightweight, and versatile wet/dry vacuum ideal for small messes in home, garage, or vehicle environments.
Pros:
- Portable and easy to maneuver with a lightweight design and carry handle
- Combines wet/dry vacuum and blower functions for versatile cleaning tasks
- Includes essential accessories like crevice tool and utility nozzle for tight spaces
Cons:
- Smaller 2.5-gallon tank may require frequent emptying during large cleaning jobs
- Limited peak horsepower (2.5 HP), which may be less powerful for heavy-duty cleaning
- Compatible accessories and filter bags are specific, potentially increasing replacement costs
DEWALT 10 Gallon Wet and Dry Shop Vacuum
When seeking a shop vacuum that balances power with quiet operation, the DEWALT 10 Gallon STEALTHSONIC stands out. It’s equipped with a 5 Peak HP motor and 960 watts, providing strong suction for wet and dry debris up to 90+ feet away. Its Quiet Technology reduces noise to just 65 dB, making it about half as loud as traditional vacs. The large metal tank, built-in accessory storage, and durable rubberized casters ensure convenience and longevity. While its suction is slightly less than larger models, it excels in woodworking, car detailing, and general cleanup, all without the noise hassle.
Best For: homeowners, workshop enthusiasts, and car detailers seeking a quiet yet powerful wet and dry vacuum for versatile cleaning tasks.
Pros:
- Quiet operation at just 65 dB, about 50% quieter than traditional shop vacs
- Strong suction capable of handling wet and dry debris up to 90+ feet away
- Durable metal tank, built-in accessory storage, and sturdy rubberized casters for convenience and longevity
Cons:
- Slightly less suction power compared to larger, heavy-duty shop vacs
- Shorter hose length and stiff hose design may limit maneuverability
- Higher price point relative to some comparable models
Vacmaster 12-Gallon 5.5 Peak HP Heavy-Duty Wet/Dry Vacuum – VJH1211PF 1101
If you’re looking for a durable, high-capacity wet/dry vacuum that handles heavy-duty cleaning tasks with ease, the Vacmaster 12-Gallon 5.5 Peak HP model stands out as an excellent choice. With its rugged polypropylene tank, powerful 5.5 Peak HP motor, and 1416-watt capacity, it easily picks up dirt, debris, water, and even heavy objects like shavings. Its long, kink-resistant hose and 20-foot power cord provide extensive reach, while four wheels and a portable design make maneuverability simple. Users praise its sturdy build, reliable performance, and ease of assembly, making it ideal for home, garage, and vehicle cleaning needs.
Best For: DIY enthusiasts, homeowners, and professionals seeking a durable, high-capacity wet/dry vacuum for heavy-duty cleaning in garages, workshops, and vehicles.
Pros:
- Rugged polypropylene tank and durable build ensure long-lasting use
- Powerful 5.5 Peak HP motor with 1416 watts provides excellent suction for various debris and liquids
- Long, kink-resistant hose and 20-foot power cord offer extensive reach and maneuverability
Cons:
- Heavy weight at 24.5 pounds may require effort to move for some users
- Plastic construction, while durable, may be less robust than metal units over extended heavy use
- Assembling accessories and filters can be time-consuming for first-time users
Armor All Wet/Dry Utility Vac 2.5 Gallon
The Armor All Wet/Dry Utility Vac 2.5 Gallon stands out as an ideal choice for those seeking a lightweight, portable vacuum capable of tackling both wet and dry messes with ease. Weighing around 11 pounds, it’s easy to maneuver with four wheels and a long 10-foot cord. Its 2 HP motor delivers strong suction up to 48 inches, making quick work of dirt, dust, pet hair, and liquids. The unit converts into a blower for leaves and debris, and comes with 13 versatile attachments for detailed cleaning. Overall, it’s a compact, efficient tool perfect for car interiors, small spills, and outdoor cleanup.
Best For: homeowners, car enthusiasts, and outdoor enthusiasts seeking a portable, versatile wet/dry vacuum for quick cleanup tasks and small spills.
Pros:
- Lightweight and easy to maneuver with four wheels and a long 10-ft cord
- Strong suction power of 2 HP with up to 48 inches of maximum suction
- Includes a comprehensive set of 13 attachments for versatile cleaning options
Cons:
- No disposable bags, which may require frequent emptying and cleaning of the tank
- Noise level of approximately 75 dB may be loud for some users
- International compatibility issues due to voltage differences and potential need for transformers
Stanley – SL18116P Wet/Dry Vacuum, 6 Gallon, 4 Horsepower Black
For those needing a compact yet powerful wet/dry vacuum, the Stanley SL18116P stands out as an excellent option. Its 6-gallon tank handles small to medium cleanup jobs without frequent emptying, while the 4 peak horsepower motor provides strong suction for wet and dry debris. The lightweight design, four swivel casters, and long reach make it easy to maneuver around your workspace. It also features a blower port for versatility, plus a detailed set of attachments for various tasks. Customers praise its durability, ease of use, and effective performance, making it a reliable choice for home, workshop, or garage cleaning needs.
Best For: Homeowners, workshop enthusiasts, and small business users seeking a portable, powerful wet/dry vacuum for versatile cleaning tasks.
Pros:
- Strong suction with 4 peak horsepower motor for heavy-duty cleaning
- Lightweight design with four swivel casters for easy maneuverability
- Includes a comprehensive set of attachments and blower port for versatile use
Cons:
- Cord length could be longer for greater reach
- Storage of attachments could be improved with dedicated holders
- Noise level is relatively high during operation
Vacmaster 6-Gallon* Wet/Dry Vacuum with Detachable Blower – VBVB611PF 1101
The Vacmaster 6-Gallon Wet/Dry Vacuum with Detachable Blower excels for users who need a portable, all-in-one cleaning tool that handles both indoor messes and outdoor debris with ease. Its balanced top handle, wide stance casters, and onboard storage make it easy to move and organize. The vacuum easily converts to a blower with a one-hand release, including a blower adapter and tube for quick setup. With strong suction of 70 CFM and blowing speeds up to 190 MPH, it’s perfect for versatile cleaning. The 16-foot hose and cord, along with 10 accessories, provide extended reach and flexibility for a range of tasks.
Best For: homeowners and outdoor enthusiasts seeking a portable, versatile wet/dry vacuum that easily converts to a blower for indoor and outdoor cleaning tasks.
Pros:
- Easy conversion between vacuum and blower with one-hand release
- Strong suction power of 70 CFM and blowing speeds up to 190 MPH for efficient debris removal
- Compact design with onboard storage and durable casters for convenient mobility
Cons:
- 6-gallon capacity may be limited for large cleaning jobs
- May require multiple accessories for specialized tasks
- Heavier when fully loaded, which could impact portability over extended use
Craftsman 4 Gallon Wet Dry Vac with Accessories
If you’re seeking a compact yet powerful wet/dry vacuum that handles both home and workshop messes with ease, the Craftsman 4 Gallon Wet Dry Vac with Accessories is an excellent choice. With 5.0 Peak HP, it delivers strong performance in a lightweight, portable design perfect for garage, renovation, or automotive cleanup. The attached organization caddy keeps accessories, including a 7 ft. POS-I-LOCK hose, car nozzle, utility nozzle, dusting brush, and extension wands, well-organized and accessible. Its large on/off switch offers dependable control, and compatibility with genuine filters ensures easy maintenance. Plus, the 3-year warranty adds reliability for long-term use.
Best For: DIY enthusiasts, homeowners, and workshop professionals seeking a portable, powerful vacuum for cleaning up small to medium messes in various settings.
Pros:
- Compact and lightweight for easy handling and transportation
- Includes a versatile set of accessories and organized storage caddy
- Powerful 5.0 Peak HP motor delivers strong suction for wet and dry debris
Cons:
- Limited 4-gallon capacity may require frequent emptying during large cleanups
- May be less suitable for heavy-duty industrial use due to size and capacity
- Some users might find the cord length or hose flexibility limiting for larger spaces
DEWALT 9 Gallon Wet/Dry Shop Vacuum (DXV09PA)
When tackling heavy-duty cleaning tasks, the DEWALT 9 Gallon Wet/Dry Shop Vacuum (DXV09PA) stands out thanks to its powerful 5 Peak HP motor and sizable 9-gallon capacity. It handles wet and dry debris effortlessly, making it ideal for woodworking dust, water spills, and outdoor cleanup. Its blower function adds versatility, and the durable hose, long power cord, and sturdy casters ensure easy maneuverability. With a built-in tank drain and extensive accessory set, this vacuum is both practical and reliable. Users praise its suction power and durability, often comparing it favorably to pricier models, making it a top choice for serious workshop and outdoor use.
Best For: DIY enthusiasts, workshop professionals, and outdoor cleaners seeking a powerful, durable wet/dry vacuum for heavy-duty tasks.
Pros:
- Excellent suction power with 5 Peak HP motor for tough debris and water removal
- Large 9-gallon capacity reduces frequent bag changes during prolonged use
- Durable build with rugged hoses, sturdy casters, and a long power cord for easy maneuverability
Cons:
- Non-cordless design requires access to power outlets, limiting portability
- Cord length may be insufficient for large areas, necessitating extension cords
- Some users report filter mesh damage after wet use, requiring repairs or replacements
DEWALT Cordless Wet and Dry Shop Vacuum (DCV581H)
For anyone needing a versatile and portable vacuum that handles both wet and dry messes without being tethered to a power outlet, the DEWALT Cordless Wet and Dry Shop Vacuum (DCV581H) stands out. It offers both cordless and corded operation, using a 20V MAX lithium-ion battery (sold separately) or AC power. With a 2-gallon tank, it’s perfect for small cleanups on job sites or in the garage. Its lightweight design, on-board accessory storage, flexible hose, and washable HEPA filter make it easy to use and maintain. Many users praise its strong suction, portability, and dual power options for quick, efficient cleanup anywhere.
Best For: DIYers and professionals needing a portable, versatile vacuum for both wet and dry cleanup on small to medium tasks without relying on power outlets.
Pros:
- Strong suction comparable to larger shop vacs for effective debris pickup
- Dual power options (cordless with battery or corded with AC) for maximum flexibility
- Lightweight and portable design with on-board accessory storage for easy transport
Cons:
- Filter can clog with fine dust, requiring regular cleaning and maintenance
- Occasional blockages at hose connection can hinder performance
- Battery runtime may be limited to around 30 minutes with a 3 Ah battery, requiring multiple batteries for extended use
Amazon Basics Wet Dry Vacuum Cleaner
The Amazon Basics Wet Dry Vacuum Cleaner stands out with its powerful 3 HP motor, making it an excellent choice for tackling both wet and dry messes around the home, garage, or job site. Its sturdy stainless steel tank guarantees durability and long-lasting performance through repeated use. The vacuum comes with a range of accessories, including a reusable cloth filter, foam wet filter, locking hose, and multiple nozzles, allowing for versatile cleaning tasks. On-board storage keeps tools organized and accessible, while the lightweight design and sturdy wheels make it easy to maneuver across various surfaces, boosting convenience and efficiency during use.
Best For: homeowners, garage owners, and contractors seeking a durable, versatile wet/dry vacuum for comprehensive cleaning tasks.
Pros:
- Powerful 3 HP motor handles both wet and dry messes effectively
- Durable stainless steel tank ensures long-lasting performance
- Comes with a variety of accessories for versatile cleaning options
Cons:
- Slightly heavier due to stainless steel construction may affect portability
- May be more expensive than basic vacuum models
- Requires periodic maintenance of filters and accessories
CRAFTSMAN 9 Gallon Wet Dry Shop Vacuum
If you’re looking for a versatile vacuum that handles both wet and dry messes with ease, the CRAFTSMAN 9 Gallon Wet Dry Shop Vacuum is an excellent choice. It offers 4.25 peak HP, making it powerful enough for heavy-duty cleaning at your garage, workshop, or jobsite. The portable design, combined with extensive accessories like extension wands, nozzles, and a blower port, makes it adaptable for various tasks. The oversized drain simplifies liquid disposal, while the Qwik Lock Filter system allows quick filter changes. Plus, its compatibility with multiple filters and dust bags guarantees reliable performance, backed by a 3-year warranty for peace of mind.
Best For: homeowners, contractors, and DIY enthusiasts seeking a versatile, heavy-duty wet/dry vacuum for garage, workshop, or jobsite cleanup.
Pros:
- Powerful 4.25 Peak HP motor handles heavy-duty cleaning tasks with ease
- Includes a blower port and comprehensive accessories for versatile use
- Oversized drain and quick filter change system for convenience and efficiency
Cons:
- 9-gallon capacity may require frequent emptying during large cleaning jobs
- Heavier weight could make portability or storage more challenging
- Compatibility with filters and dust bags may limit options if not using genuine accessories
WEN VC4710 Portable HEPA Wet/Dry Shop Vacuum and Blower
When searching for a lightweight, versatile wet/dry vacuum that handles both cleaning and blowing tasks with ease, the WEN VC4710 stands out. It offers a 10-amp motor and a 5-gallon capacity in a compact, orange cannister design. Its onboard storage keeps accessories organized, and a single push-button control makes operation simple. Equipped with a HEPA filter, it traps pet dander, dust, and allergens, making it ideal for allergy-sensitive environments. Whether cleaning a car, workshop, or apartment, it delivers strong suction and the added benefit of blower functionality. Its portability and versatility make it a reliable tool for various indoor tasks.
Best For: pet owners, DIY enthusiasts, and small-space users seeking a lightweight, versatile wet/dry vacuum with HEPA filtration and blower capability.
Pros:
- Strong suction power with a 10-amp motor suitable for various cleaning tasks
- Compact, lightweight design with onboard accessory storage for easy organization
- HEPA filter effectively captures pet dander, dust, and allergens, ideal for allergy-sensitive environments
Cons:
- Short power cord and hose may limit reach and require frequent unplugging during use
- Extension tubes and accessories can disconnect easily, potentially affecting efficiency
- Not cordless; requires a standard power outlet, limiting portability away from power sources
Factors to Consider When Choosing Wet/Dry Shop Vacuums
When choosing a wet/dry shop vacuum, I consider key factors like capacity, power, and portability to match my specific needs. Filtration options and attachments also matter because they affect performance and ease of use. By weighing these points, I can find a vacuum that’s versatile and effective for any task.
Capacity and Size
Choosing the right wet/dry shop vacuum depends heavily on its capacity and size. The capacity, measured in gallons, determines how much debris or liquid the vacuum can hold before needing to be emptied. Smaller models with 2 to 4 gallons are perfect for quick cleanups and tight spaces, while larger units with 10 gallons or more suit extensive or heavy-duty tasks. Size and weight also matter because they affect portability; compact models are easier to handle and store, but larger ones offer greater capacity. It’s important to contemplate the dimensions to ensure it fits your storage space and can reach confined areas easily. Striking a balance between capacity and portability helps you choose a vacuum that works efficiently without sacrificing ease of use.
Power and Suction
Selecting a wet/dry shop vacuum with the right power and suction capabilities can make a big difference in how effectively you tackle cleaning tasks. Power is usually measured in peak horsepower or air watts, which directly reflect the suction strength. Higher motor wattage means better ability to pick up heavy debris and liquids. Suction height, shown in inches of water lift or Hg, indicates how well the vacuum can lift debris from surfaces. Airflow volume, measured in CFM, affects how quickly debris moves through the hose and filters, impacting efficiency. Stronger suction power is essential for heavy-duty tasks like removing water, concrete chunks, or fine dust. It ensures you’re able to handle diverse messes effectively, saving time and effort during your cleanup.
Portability Features
Portability features play a crucial role in how easily you can move and operate a wet/dry shop vacuum. A lightweight design, built-in handles, and compact size make it simple to carry or shift the vacuum between different areas or job sites. Heavy-duty models often come with durable wheels or casters—wide-stance or rubberized options help glide smoothly over various surfaces. On-board storage compartments keep hoses, cords, and accessories organized and within reach, saving time and frustration. Longer power cords and extended hoses increase your cleaning reach, reducing the need to unplug and reposition frequently. Detachable or collapsible handles add to ease of handling, especially in tight spaces or when carrying the vacuum upstairs or over uneven terrain. These features ensure convenience and efficiency during use.
Filtration Options
When evaluating wet/dry shop vacuums, considering the filtration options is key to guarantee clean air and easy maintenance. HEPA filters are excellent for allergy-sensitive environments, capturing 99.97% of particles down to 0.3 microns, which keeps indoor air quality high. Cartridge filters are versatile and reusable, great for fine dust and debris, but they may need cleaning or replacing over time. Disposable dust bags simplify cleanup by trapping dust and debris for easy disposal, reducing filter maintenance. Some vacuums feature combination filters that handle both wet and dry debris, but their efficiency can vary. Ultimately, choosing high-quality, efficient filters assures healthier indoor air and easier upkeep, especially in dust-prone or sensitive areas.
Versatility and Attachments
To maximize a wet/dry shop vacuum’s effectiveness, it’s essential to evaluate the range of attachments it offers. A versatile vacuum should include tools like crevice tools, utility nozzles, and brushes, enabling it to tackle various cleaning tasks efficiently. Specialized accessories such as car nozzles or squeegee attachments expand its ability to clean diverse surfaces and hard-to-reach areas. Compatibility with multiple filter types and dust bags allows seamless shift between wet and dry cleaning. Adjustable or multiple nozzle sizes support different spaces, from tight corners to large surfaces, enhancing flexibility. Additionally, onboard storage or organized compartments help keep attachments accessible, making transitions quick and reducing the chances of losing essential tools. This versatility ensures your vacuum adapts to any cleaning challenge with ease.
Durability and Build
Choosing a durable wet/dry shop vacuum means paying close attention to its construction and materials. I look for models with sturdy tanks made from polypropylene or stainless steel, which resist cracking and corrosion under heavy use. High-quality build includes reinforced hose fittings, robust casters, and impact-resistant parts, ensuring the vacuum can handle demanding environments without failure. The design should minimize weak points, with secure attachments and heavy-duty latches that prevent leaks and accidental disassembly. I also check that the motor is sealed and overload-protected, allowing continuous operation without overheating. Additionally, corrosion-resistant coatings and parts are essential for exposure to water, chemicals, or outdoor conditions. All these factors contribute to a long-lasting, reliable vacuum that withstands tough jobs day after day.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Do I Maintain Optimal Suction Power Over Time?
To keep my shop vacuum’s suction strong, I regularly clean or replace the filters and check for clogs in hoses and attachments. I also empty the tank before it gets full and inspect the seals for leaks. Using the vacuum on appropriate surfaces and avoiding overly large debris helps maintain ideal power. Consistent maintenance and prompt cleaning are key to ensuring it performs at its best over time.
What Accessories Are Compatible With Different Vacuum Models?
Think of your vacuum as a trusty steed; its accessories are the saddle, bridle, and reins. I find that most models are compatible with standard attachments like crevice tools, wet nozzles, and extension wands. Always check your vacuum’s brand and model number, then consult the manufacturer’s guide or packaging to guarantee compatibility. This way, you’re equipped with the right gear to conquer any cleaning challenge.
Are These Vacuums Suitable for Outdoor Debris and Wet Leaves?
Yes, these vacuums are suitable for outdoor debris and wet leaves. I’ve used mine to clear away wet leaves after rain, and it handles both dry and wet messes with ease. Just make sure to use the appropriate attachments and follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for wet pickup. They’re versatile enough to tackle yard cleanup and wet spills indoors, making them a great all-in-one tool.
How Loud Are These Vacuums During Operation?
Think of these vacuums like a roaring lion—powerful but not deafening. During operation, they typically produce around 70-80 decibels, comparable to a busy street or a vacuum cleaner at home. I find they strike a good balance—strong enough to handle tough jobs without feeling like I’m inside a jet engine. So, while they’re loud enough to get your attention, they’re still manageable for most noise-sensitive environments.
Can They Handle Hazardous or Fine Dust Safely?
Yes, many modern wet/dry shop vacuums are built to handle hazardous or fine dust safely. They often come with HEPA filters and sturdy construction to trap tiny particles and prevent health risks. I always choose models with proper filtration and safety certifications. It’s essential to read the specs and verify the vacuum is rated for hazardous materials before tackling sensitive or dangerous dust.
Conclusion
In the world of cleaning power, these vacuums are nothing short of legendary, transforming chaos into pristine perfection with a single sweep. Whether you need brute force or finesse, this list has it all—making your toughest messes vanish faster than you can blink. Trust me, once you experience these marvels, ordinary vacuums will seem like relics of a bygone era. Prepare to conquer dirt with unmatched prowess—your cleaning game will never be the same!
Born in Toronto, Canada, to Jamaican parents, Jamal oversees the company’s financial health and operational efficiency. He ensures sustainable growth and excellence in all business practices. Jamal’s strategic vision and leadership drive our company’s success and stability.
