Essential oil diffusers are a popular way to bring calming scents and humidification into any space. The best models balance quiet operation, ease of use, and reliable performance. The ASAKUKI Essential Oil Diffuser stands out as the overall top pick thanks to its large capacity and quiet function, while the Gooamp Ceramic Diffuser offers a stylish, compact design at a more affordable price. However, many diffusers face tradeoffs between capacity, noise levels, and cost. Continue reading for a detailed breakdown that helps you choose the right diffuser for your needs.
Key Takeaways
- Capacity varies widely, affecting how often you need to refill, with larger tanks ideal for all-day use.
- Quiet operation is a priority for bedrooms and workspaces, but some models trade noise levels for increased capacity or features.
- Design and aesthetics differ, with ceramic and minimalist styles appealing to different decor preferences.
- Additional features like remote controls, LED lighting, or aromatherapy sets add convenience but often increase price.
- Performance consistency and ease of cleaning are key factors that distinguish high-quality diffusers from budget options.
More Details on Our Top Picks
SALKING Essential Oil Diffuser 2 Pack, 100ml Aromatherapy Diffusers for Home
This set of two compact ultrasonic diffusers stands out for offering flexibility across multiple spaces, making them ideal for those who want aromatherapy on the go or in various rooms. Compared to larger models like the 500ML diffuser, these are more portable but require frequent refilling due to their limited 100ml capacity. Their quiet operation and simple one-button controls enhance user convenience, though the lack of adjustable mist settings or timer options limits customization. The light options add ambiance but are preset, which might disappoint those seeking more control over lighting. Overall, this duo is perfect for users prioritizing portability and ease of use over extended operation time or advanced features.
Pros:- Portable and easy to move between rooms or take on trips
- Quiet operation suitable for bedrooms or offices
- Simple one-button control and automatic shut-off for safety
Cons:- Limited water capacity requires frequent refilling
- No adjustable mist or timer settings for personalized use
- Light options are fixed and not customizable beyond preset colors
Best for: People who want affordable, portable diffusers for travel or multiple small spaces
Not ideal for: Users seeking longer run time or customizable mist settings for large rooms or extended use
- Capacity:100ml
- Number of Units:2
- Operation:Ultrasonic
- Light Options:8
- Material:BPA-Free
Our verdict“This set is ideal for budget-conscious users seeking versatile, portable diffusers for small spaces or travel needs.”
Gooamp 200ML Ceramic Essential Oil Diffuser for Home
This handcrafted ceramic diffuser elevates any space with its stylish design and versatile features. Compared with the smaller SALKING 100ml, it offers double the water capacity, allowing longer use without frequent refills, and doubles as a humidifier. Its 7-color mood lighting and multiple timer settings give users the ability to tailor ambiance precisely, making it suitable for relaxation or work environments. However, the need for a separate DC power adapter might be less convenient than plug-and-play models like the URPOWER 150mL. Its performance can also depend heavily on the quality of essential oils used. Overall, this diffuser’s aesthetic appeal makes it a great choice for those who want a functional piece of decor that enhances air quality and mood.
Pros:- Stylish handcrafted ceramic design complements decor
- Multiple timer and lighting options for customization
- Functions as a humidifier, improving air quality
Cons:- Requires a separate power adapter not included
- Limited water capacity may require frequent refills
- Performance depends on oil quality and maintenance
Best for: Homeowners who value elegant design and customizable lighting for creating a calming environment
Not ideal for: People seeking a plug-and-play device with minimal setup or larger capacity for extended use
- Capacity:200ml
- Material:Ceramic
- Lighting:7-color LED
- Timer Options:1H/3H/6H/ON
- Coverage:up to 300 sq.ft.
- Auto Shut-Off:Yes
Our verdict“This diffuser is perfect for style-conscious users who want a multi-functional decor piece with customizable settings.”
ASAKUKI Essential Oil Diffuser, 300ml, Quiet, Humidifier with 7 LED Light Modes
This 300ml diffuser offers extended misting up to 8 hours, making it suitable for overnight use or all-day relaxation. Its quiet operation below 20dB outperforms many smaller models like the URPOWER 150mL, especially for bedrooms or workspaces. While it only works with essential oils and not water alone, its safety features—including auto shut-off—add peace of mind. The seven LED color modes provide visual ambiance, but the device’s larger size means it’s less portable than smaller options. Its straightforward design makes it ideal for users prioritizing longevity and quiet operation over portability or advanced customization.
Pros:- Quiet operation suitable for bedrooms and offices
- Long-lasting mist for extended use
- Safe for families with auto shut-off
Cons:- Limited to essential oils, no water-only option
- Requires weekly cleaning to maintain performance
- Larger size reduces portability
Best for: Families or individuals needing a reliable, quiet diffuser for long hours or overnight use
Not ideal for: Users wanting a small, travel-friendly diffuser or ones seeking adjustable mist modes
- Capacity:300ml
- Run Time:8 hours
- Noise Level:below 20dB
- Light Modes:7 LED color modes
- Auto Shut-off:Yes
Our verdict“This diffuser is best for those who value quiet, extended operation for home use, especially overnight or in quiet spaces.”
URPOWER 150mL Essential Oil Diffuser
The URPOWER 150mL diffuser combines aesthetic appeal with practical features, making it ideal for those who want a stylish, compact device. Its wood grain base and ceramic-like finish stand out compared to the simpler SALKING set, though it offers a smaller capacity that demands more frequent refills. Its adjustable mist modes and color-changing LED lights enhance the ambiance, but the lack of remote control or app connectivity limits convenience. This diffuser suits users who appreciate design and straightforward operation in a size that fits comfortably in small to medium spaces, despite its limited run time compared to larger models like the 500ML diffuser.
Pros:- Stylish wood grain and ceramic-like finish
- Quiet operation with customizable lighting
- Multiple mist modes and auto shut-off
Cons:- Limited water capacity requires frequent refilling
- No remote or app control for convenience
- Light and mist functions operate independently
Best for: Design-conscious users seeking a stylish, compact diffuser for home or office
Not ideal for: People needing long-duration diffusing or remote operation in large rooms
- Capacity:150mL
- Material:BPA-free plastic and wood grain base
- Color options:7-color LED lights
- Modes:Continuous and intermittent mist
- Auto shut-off:Yes
Our verdict“This diffuser appeals to users who want style and simplicity in a compact, quiet device for smaller spaces.”
500ML Essential Oil Scent Diffuser with Remote Control and 14 LED Colors for Home
This 500ML diffuser is designed for larger spaces, offering up to 40 square meters of coverage and extended operation times, making it suitable for living rooms or offices. Its large capacity reduces the need for frequent refills, and the 14 LED color modes allow for customizable lighting moods. The inclusion of a remote control adds to its convenience, especially for those who prefer to adjust settings from a distance. Compared with smaller diffusers like the 300ml ASAKUKI, this model prioritizes capacity and ease of use for larger or shared spaces, though it may be too bulky for small or personal use. It provides a seamless combination of performance and convenience for extensive aromatherapy sessions.
Pros:- Large capacity supports long, continuous operation
- Customizable lighting with 14 modes for ambiance
- Remote control enhances ease of use
Cons:- Size may be too large for compact spaces
- Limited to essential oils, no water-only option
- Automatic color cycling might not suit all preferences
Best for: Large rooms or shared spaces where extended misting and remote operation are beneficial
Not ideal for: Small bedrooms or travel, where size and capacity may be excessive
- Capacity:500ML
- Coverage:up to 40 sq.m.
- Mist Output:30ml/hr or 60ml/hr
- Timer Settings:1, 3, or 6 hours
- LED Modes:14
- Colors:7 (cool and warm tones)
Our verdict“This diffuser is well-suited to users who need extensive coverage and long-lasting operation in larger spaces, with remote convenience.”
InnoGear 400ml Aromatherapy Essential Oil Diffuser with 10 Oils Gift Set, Dark
This diffuser stands out for its large 400ml water tank, making it ideal for continuous operation in big rooms or offices without frequent refilling. Compared with smaller models like the SALKING Essential Oil Diffuser for Home, it offers longer run times and more customization options, but it requires careful refilling to prevent circuit issues and lacks remote control, which limits convenience. The included 10 oils enhance immediate aromatherapy, though the set’s limited oil variety might leave some wanting more customization. Its multiple mist and timer settings allow tailored atmosphere creation, and the soothing LED adds to the relaxing environment. However, the need for careful handling and refilling is a tradeoff for long-lasting performance.
Pros:- Large 400ml water capacity for long use
- Multiple mist and timer options for customization
- Includes 10 pure essential oils
Cons:- Refilling requires caution to prevent circuit damage
- No remote control or app connectivity
- Limited to specific oils included in the set
Best for: Large rooms or office environments needing extended aromatherapy without frequent refills
Not ideal for: Small bedrooms or travel users who prefer portability and compact size
Our verdict“This diffuser suits those who prioritize long run times and filling large spaces with aromatherapy, accepting some manual refilling and setup.”
SALKING Essential Oil Diffuser for Home, 100ml Small Aromatherapy Diffuser
This compact diffuser excels in portability and ease of use, making it perfect for small spaces, travel, or personal bedside use. Its one-button operation and 8-color night light provide straightforward functionality, unlike larger, more complex diffusers such as the InnoGear 400ml. The small 100ml capacity, however, means frequent refills, which could be inconvenient for continuous use. It operates silently and safely with auto shut-off, but its basic feature set may not satisfy users seeking advanced customization or larger capacity. This model makes the most sense for users prioritizing simplicity and mobility over extended run times or extensive features.
Pros:- Compact and portable for travel or small spaces
- Easy to operate with a single button
- Silent operation ideal for sleep
Cons:- Limited water capacity requiring frequent refills
- Basic features lack advanced customization options
Best for: Travelers, students, or anyone needing a portable diffuser for small spaces
Not ideal for: Large rooms or long-term use where larger capacity and advanced features are desired
Our verdict“This diffuser is well-suited for those needing a simple, portable option for personal use or travel.”
InnoGear Essential Oil Diffuser Ultrasonic Diffuser for Home, White
This ultrasonic diffuser offers a versatile experience with customizable mist modes and a soothing 7-color LED light, making it suitable for bedrooms, offices, or small living rooms. Its lower noise level under 23 dB ensures it won’t disturb sleep or work, and the waterless auto shut-off enhances safety. Compared to larger models like the Essential Oil Diffuser for Home, 500ML, it sacrifices capacity for compactness but provides enough features for personal spaces. The absence of remote control or smartphone app limits remote operation, and the water capacity isn’t specified, which could impact planning for longer use. It strikes a balance between functionality and size for small to medium rooms.
Pros:- Customizable mist and light settings
- Quiet operation suitable for sleep or work
- Automatic shut-off for safety
Cons:- Limited size restricts use to smaller rooms
- No remote or app control for remote operation
Best for: Users wanting a quiet, customizable diffuser for bedrooms or office use
Not ideal for: Large spaces or those seeking extended run times without refilling
Our verdict“Ideal for users seeking a quiet, customizable diffuser for personal or small office spaces.”
Homeweeks Essential Oil Diffuser for Room Aromatherapy Scent Diffuser
This diffuser combines aromatherapy, humidification, and night lighting in one unit, making it a versatile choice for creating a relaxing atmosphere. Its 300ml capacity offers a good balance between size and run time, suitable for small to medium rooms. Compared with the smaller SALKING 100ml Diffuser, it supports longer sessions and additional functions like humidification, which can improve air quality and comfort. The adjustable mist and timer options add flexibility, but the need for essential oils for aromatherapy and limited light colors might limit customization for some users. Its multi-functionality makes it a good pick for those wanting more from a diffuser than just scent dispersal.
Pros:- Multi-functional as humidifier, diffuser, and night light
- Quiet operation suitable for sleep
- Adjustable mist and timer for tailored use
Cons:- Requires essential oils for aromatherapy effect
- Limited color options for LED lights
Best for: Individuals who want a combined humidifier and diffuser for sleep or relaxation
Not ideal for: Users seeking a dedicated, high-capacity diffuser solely for large spaces or extensive aromatherapy use
Our verdict“This diffuser is a solid choice for those seeking a multi-purpose device to enhance sleep and air quality.”
Essential Oil Diffuser for Home, 500ML Aromatherapy Humidifier
This large-capacity diffuser excels in continuous operation, with up to 18 hours of use, making it perfect for large rooms, offices, or all-day relaxation sessions. Its 500ml tank surpasses smaller models like the InnoGear 400ml, providing extended aromatherapy without frequent refills. The inclusion of 12 essential oils enhances immediate usability, and multiple mist and light settings allow customization to suit different moods. Unlike smaller units, it functions as a humidifier, air purifier, and mood light, offering comprehensive air care. The main tradeoff is its size, which may be less suitable for compact spaces, and some may find the water tank requires more maintenance. It’s best for those prioritizing long run times and large area coverage.
Pros:- Long operation up to 18 hours
- Includes 12 essential oils for immediate use
- Functions as humidifier, air purifier, and mood light
Cons:- Size may be cumbersome for small spaces
- Requires regular cleaning of the water tank
Best for: Large rooms, offices, or anyone seeking long-lasting aromatherapy with multi-functionality
Not ideal for: Small bedrooms or users who prefer compact, lightweight diffusers
Our verdict“This diffuser is best suited for large spaces and those who want continuous, multi-functional air care.”
20-Hour Long-Lasting Aromatherapy Essential Oil Diffuser
This diffuser stands out for its impressive over 20 hours of continuous operation, making it ideal for overnight use or long workdays. Compared with the ASAKUKI 300ml diffuser, it offers significantly longer run time, though it does sacrifice some portability due to its larger water tank. Its quiet operation at 25 decibels enhances sleep and concentration, while the safety features like automatic shut-off add peace of mind. However, it only supports essential oils and lacks a diffuser base, requiring regular refilling for extended periods. This model makes the most sense for anyone seeking a long-lasting, quiet diffuser for bedrooms, offices, or relaxation spaces.
Pros:- Over 20 hours of continuous operation for extended use
- Quiet at 25 decibels, ideal for sleep and work
- Safe with automatic shut-off and child-friendly materials
- Includes remote control and customizable light/mist modes
Cons:- Limited to essential oils, no diffuser base included
- May be too small for large spaces beyond 480 ft²
- Requires regular refilling for continuous use
Best for: People who want continuous, quiet aromatherapy without frequent refilling
Not ideal for: Small spaces or users needing portable diffusers, since it’s larger and stationary
- Capacity:500ML
- Run Time:Over 20 hours
- Coverage Area:480 ft²
- Material:PP/PC/ABS
- Noise Level:25 decibels
- Light Colors:7
- Timer Settings:ON/1H/3H/6H
- Mist Modes:Heavy, Light, Intermittent
Our verdict“This diffuser suits those who prioritize long-lasting, quiet aromatherapy in medium-sized spaces.”
ASAKUKI Essential Oil Diffuser, 300ml Aromatherapy Oil Humidifier
This diffuser is a compact and stylish choice, with a 300ml capacity that suits bedroom or small office use. Unlike the larger HJTHJT 500ML diffuser, it offers a smaller footprint without sacrificing essential features like remote control and multi-color lighting. Its waterless auto shut-off enhances safety, and the BPA-free construction makes it a safe option for homes with children or pets. The limited water capacity, however, means more frequent refills, which could be inconvenient for longer sessions. It’s best for users who want a easy-to-use, space-saving diffuser with essential aromatherapy features, but not for those needing extended run times or larger coverage areas.
Pros:- Compact and stylish design fits small spaces
- Easy to operate with remote control and multiple settings
- Safe to use with auto shut-off feature
- Made of BPA-free, durable materials
Cons:- Requires USB power with ≥1A current, limiting placement options
- Limited water capacity may require frequent refilling
- No adjustable mist intensity, restricting customization
Best for: Individuals seeking a stylish, portable diffuser for bedroom or personal space
Not ideal for: Large living rooms or open-plan areas where bigger tanks are necessary
- Capacity:300ml
- Dimensions:5.04″L x 5.04″W x 3.39″H
- Material:PP
- Power Source:USB-C cable, requires ≥1A current
- Features:7-color light options, remote control, auto shut-off
- Waterless Auto Shut-off:Yes
Our verdict“This diffuser is perfect for those who want a small, safe, and easy-to-use aromatherapy device for personal spaces.”
ASAKUKI Essential Oil Diffuser for Home, 500ML Aromatherapy Humidifier
The 500ml capacity of this ultrasonic diffuser makes it a strong choice for large rooms or multi-use spaces like yoga studios or open-plan living areas. Its multiple mist modes and customizable LED lighting allow for tailored ambiance, similar to the HJTHJT 500ML diffuser, but with a slightly quieter operation at less than 23 dB. The remote control with a 16.5-foot range adds convenience, though some might find the variety of modes a bit complex to navigate. Unlike smaller diffusers, this model can handle extended sessions without frequent refilling, but users should be aware that ultrasonic misting may not appeal to everyone, especially if they prefer nebulizer-style diffusers.
Pros:- Large 500ml water tank for prolonged use
- Quiet operation below 23 dB for peaceful environments
- Multiple lighting and misting options for customization
- Remote control for easy adjustments
Cons:- Requires regular refilling for continuous use
- Some users may find the multiple modes overly complex
- Ultrasonic misting might not suit those preferring nebulizer diffusers
Best for: Homeowners or small business owners needing a large-capacity diffuser with multiple modes
Not ideal for: Users seeking a simple, minimal setup or ultrasonic misting only
- Capacity:500ml
- Material:BPA-free polypropylene
- Lighting Colors:7 LED colors
- Timer Options:60/120/180 minutes
- Noise Level:Less than 23 dB
- Remote Control Range:16.5 feet
- Modes:Multiple mist nebulizer modes, intermittent mist
Our verdict“This diffuser is well-suited for large spaces where extended, customizable aromatherapy is desired, despite requiring more frequent refills.”
HJTHJT 500ML Essential Oil Diffuser for Home, Black
This diffuser offers a generous 500ml capacity, making it suitable for large rooms or open areas. Compared with the ASAKUKI 500ML diffuser, it provides a broader range of lighting options, with 14 LED colors including cycling modes, which creates a vibrant environment. Its two mist modes and adjustable timers add versatility, and the quiet operation below 25 dB supports restful sleep or focused work. While no significant drawbacks are noted from the description, users should consider that ultrasonic misting may not satisfy those preferring nebulizer-style diffusers. Its large capacity and lighting options make it ideal for those who prioritize atmosphere and extended use in sizeable spaces.
Pros:- Large 500ml capacity suitable for big rooms
- Multiple lighting options, including cycling modes
- Quiet operation for peaceful ambiance
- Remote control for convenient adjustments
Cons:- No specific cons identified from the description
Best for: Large room owners or those wanting a colorful, relaxing environment with adjustable settings
Not ideal for: Small rooms or users seeking a minimalistic, straightforward diffuser
- Capacity:500ML
- Colors:14 LED colors (7 fixed, 7 cycling)
- Mist Modes:Low, High
- Timer Options:1/3/6 hours, steady ON
- Noise Level:Below 25 dB
- Remote Control:Yes, up to 15 feet
Our verdict“This diffuser excels for large spaces where vibrant lighting and extended misting are desired, though it may be more feature-rich than necessary for small rooms.”
How We Picked
The products in this roundup were evaluated based on their performance, usability, build quality, and value for money. We prioritized models that offer reliable diffusion, quiet operation, and user-friendly controls. Capacity was a major factor, as larger tanks reduce the frequency of refills, especially for continuous use. We also considered design, aesthetic appeal, and additional features like lighting or remote controls, which can enhance user experience. The ranking reflects a balance between cost and features, ensuring that each diffuser serves a specific purpose while maintaining overall quality.Factors to Consider When Choosing Essential Oil Diffusers
Choosing the right essential oil diffuser involves considering several factors that impact your experience. While price is important, features like capacity, noise levels, and ease of cleaning often matter more for long-term satisfaction. Understanding how each element affects usability can help you make a smart investment that suits your lifestyle and space. Here are key considerations to keep in mind before making your decision.Capacity and Run Time
Diffuser capacity influences how long you can enjoy continuous aromatherapy without refilling. Smaller tanks, around 100ml, are suitable for short sessions or occasional use, while larger tanks of 300ml or more support all-day diffusion. Consider your preferred usage pattern—if you want a diffuser for overnight or all-day use, prioritize models with larger capacity to avoid frequent refills. Keep in mind that larger tanks can also mean bulkier designs, so balance capacity with your space constraints.
Noise Levels
Quiet operation is essential if you plan to use your diffuser in bedrooms, offices, or meditation spaces. Ultrasonic diffusers are generally quieter than nebulizing types, but some models still produce noticeable noise. Look for reviews or product specifications that highlight decibel levels if peace and quiet are priorities. A noisy diffuser can disrupt sleep or concentration, so balancing power and noise is key. Some models include sleep modes that dim lights and reduce noise for nighttime use.
Design and Aesthetic Appeal
Your diffuser’s appearance impacts how well it complements your decor. Ceramic and wood finishes often blend seamlessly into relaxing environments, while sleek, minimalist plastics suit modern spaces. Size and shape also matter—compact models are more portable but may have smaller tanks, whereas larger units can serve as statement pieces. Think about where you’ll place the diffuser and choose a style that enhances your room’s ambiance rather than clashing with it.
Features and Additional Functionality
Extra features like LED lighting, remote controls, or timer settings can enhance convenience and ambiance. Color-changing LED lights add a visual element, especially in low-light environments, while timers prevent overuse. However, these features often come at a higher price, so consider whether they align with your needs. Basic models with simple on/off controls may suffice for straightforward diffusion, but if you desire customization and automation, be prepared for a higher investment.
Ease of Cleaning and Maintenance
Regular cleaning prevents mold buildup and ensures consistent performance. Diffusers with removable parts and straightforward instructions make maintenance easier, extending their lifespan. Ultrasonic diffusers are generally easier to clean than nebulizing types, which require more care due to their complex components. Avoid models with complicated assembly or hard-to-reach areas, as neglecting cleaning can lead to reduced diffusion quality and potential health concerns.
Frequently Asked Questions
How often should I clean my essential oil diffuser?
Cleaning frequency depends on usage but generally should be done every 1-2 weeks for optimal performance. Regular cleaning prevents oil residue buildup, which can clog the diffuser and affect mist quality. To clean, empty the water tank, wipe it with a soft cloth, and occasionally run a mixture of water and white vinegar through the diffuser. Proper maintenance not only extends the lifespan of your device but also ensures that the scents remain pure and effective.
Can I use any essential oils in my diffuser?
While many diffusers claim to be compatible with various essential oils, it’s best to use oils recommended by the manufacturer. Some oils, especially thick or highly pigmented types, can clog or damage certain models. Diluting concentrated oils with a carrier or choosing pre-blended diffuser oils can help prevent issues. Always check your diffuser’s guidelines for compatible oils to avoid voiding warranties or damaging the device.
Is a larger capacity diffuser always better?
Not necessarily. Larger tanks support longer diffusion sessions, making them ideal for overnight or all-day use, but they tend to be bulkier and more expensive. Smaller models are more portable and easier to place in compact spaces but require more frequent refilling. Consider your typical usage—if you prefer frequent short sessions, a smaller capacity might suffice; for continuous operation, a larger tank offers more convenience.
Are ultrasonic diffusers better than nebulizing types?
Ultrasonic diffusers are generally quieter and easier to maintain, making them popular for home use. Nebulizing diffusers, on the other hand, do not use water and produce a more concentrated mist, which some users prefer for stronger scent dispersion. However, nebulizers tend to be noisier and require more frequent cleaning. Your choice depends on your priorities—quiet operation and ease of use favor ultrasonic models, while scent intensity might lead you to nebulizing options.
What features should I prioritize if I want a diffuser for sleep?
For sleep, select a diffuser with quiet operation and a sleep mode or timer function. Dimming or no lights, or soft color-changing LEDs, help create a calming environment. Large capacity tanks enable all-night diffusion, but remember to choose a model with low noise levels to avoid disrupting rest. Ease of cleaning is also important to maintain scent purity over time, ensuring a relaxing experience each night.
Conclusion
For general use and balanced performance, the ASAKUKI Essential Oil Diffuser makes an excellent choice for most buyers seeking reliability and quiet operation. If you’re on a budget or prefer a more decorative, compact design, the Gooamp Ceramic Diffuser offers style at a lower cost. Those looking for a premium experience with larger capacity and advanced features might consider the 500ML Diffuser with Remote or the InnoGear 400ml model. Beginners should prioritize simple controls and easy maintenance, while those with specific needs—like sleep or large spaces—should look for models tailored to those requirements. Ultimately, your choice depends on your space, usage habits, and feature preferences, but this roundup provides a clear starting point for every type of buyer.
Raised in Bangalore, India, Raj has a strong technology and luxury innovation background. He focuses on integrating cutting-edge technology into the luxury experience, from smart home innovations to the latest high-end gadgets. Raj ensures our brand stays ahead in the ever-evolving tech landscape.
